11/17/2023 0 Comments Pdf basics of electricity![]() ![]() could power the country.BATTERIES can be thought of as water pumps that circulate water through a hose that travels in a closed loop back to the battery. Another perspective is that roughly 100 square miles of solar panels placed in the southwestern U.S. To put this in some other perspective, the United States Department of Energy indicates the amount of solar energy that hits the surface of the earth every +/-hour is greater than the total amount of energy that the entire human population requires in a year. One hour of full sun provides 1000 Wh per m² = 1 kWh/m²-representing the solar energy received in one hour on a cloudless summer day on a one-square meter surface directed towards the sun. It is presumed that at "peak sun", 1000 W/m² of power reaches the surface of the earth. This term, Peak Sun Hours, represents the average amount of sun available per day throughout the year. To be able to make calculations in planning a system, the total amount of solar radiation energy is expressed in hours of full sunlight per m², or Peak Sun Hours. The intensity of the Sun's radiation changes with the hour of the day, time of the year and weather conditions. So there's a difference between the reference voltage and the actual operating voltage. A 12 volt nominal output is the reference voltage, but the operating voltage can be 17 volts or higher much like your car alternator charges your 12 volt battery at well over 12 volts. The most common output is intended for nominal 12 volts, with an effective output usually up to 17 volts. This electrical charge is consolidated in the PV panel and directed to the output terminals to produce low voltage (Direct Current)-usually 6 to 24 volts. ![]() Many solar arrays are placed at an angle equal to the site latitude with no bias for seasonal periods. ![]() Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and site-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system. Solar panels are directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are slightly different than magnetic compass north-south directions) at an angle dictated by the geographic location and latitude of where they are to be installed. A solar panel (PV panel) is made of the natural element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically when subjected to sun light. Photovoltaic principles are used to produce electricity. Solar thermal principles are applied to produce hot fluids or air. The basics of solar power: Using solar power to produce electricity is not the same as using solar to produce heat. Solar power can be used to operate a gas clothes dryer (Maytag, etc) because the electrical requirement is limited to the drum-motor and/or ignito-lighter, but not a HEAT element for drying the clothes, for example. Conversion to natural gas, propane or other alternatives is usually recommended. It is not cost effective to use solar power for these items. Solar power works well for most items except large electric appliances that use an electric heat element such as a water heater, clothes dryer and electric stove-for example-or total electric home heating systems. An excellent place to start for those just beginning. Planning your project begins with understanding the basics found in this section. Learn the essential basics of using solar power so you can understand your project.
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